train_dreambooth_lora_flux_advanced.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2025 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

import argparse
import copy
import itertools
import logging
import math
import os
import random
import re
import shutil
from contextlib import nullcontext
from pathlib import Path
from typing import List, Optional

import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.utils.checkpoint
import transformers
from accelerate import Accelerator
from accelerate.logging import get_logger
from accelerate.utils import DistributedDataParallelKwargs, ProjectConfiguration, set_seed
from huggingface_hub import create_repo, upload_folder
from huggingface_hub.utils import insecure_hashlib
from peft import LoraConfig, set_peft_model_state_dict
from peft.utils import get_peft_model_state_dict
from PIL import Image
from PIL.ImageOps import exif_transpose
from safetensors.torch import save_file
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torchvision import transforms
from torchvision.transforms.functional import crop
from tqdm.auto import tqdm
from transformers import CLIPTokenizer, PretrainedConfig, T5TokenizerFast

import diffusers
from diffusers import (
    AutoencoderKL,
    FlowMatchEulerDiscreteScheduler,
    FluxPipeline,
    FluxTransformer2DModel,
)
from diffusers.optimization import get_scheduler
from diffusers.training_utils import (
    _set_state_dict_into_text_encoder,
    cast_training_params,
    compute_density_for_timestep_sampling,
    compute_loss_weighting_for_sd3,
    free_memory,
)
from diffusers.utils import (
    check_min_version,
    convert_unet_state_dict_to_peft,
    is_wandb_available,
)
from diffusers.utils.hub_utils import load_or_create_model_card, populate_model_card
from diffusers.utils.torch_utils import is_compiled_module


if is_wandb_available():
    import wandb

# Will error if the minimal version of diffusers is not installed. Remove at your own risks.
check_min_version("0.34.0.dev0")

logger = get_logger(__name__)


def save_model_card(
    repo_id: str,
    images=None,
    base_model: str = None,
    train_text_encoder=False,
    train_text_encoder_ti=False,
    enable_t5_ti=False,
    pure_textual_inversion=False,
    token_abstraction_dict=None,
    instance_prompt=None,
    validation_prompt=None,
    repo_folder=None,
):
    widget_dict = []
    trigger_str = f"You should use {instance_prompt} to trigger the image generation."

    if images is not None:
        for i, image in enumerate(images):
            image.save(os.path.join(repo_folder, f"image_{i}.png"))
            widget_dict.append(
                {"text": validation_prompt if validation_prompt else " ", "output": {"url": f"image_{i}.png"}}
            )
    diffusers_load_lora = ""
    diffusers_imports_pivotal = ""
    diffusers_example_pivotal = ""
    if not pure_textual_inversion:
        diffusers_load_lora = (
            f"""pipeline.load_lora_weights('{repo_id}', weight_name='pytorch_lora_weights.safetensors')"""
        )
    if train_text_encoder_ti:
        embeddings_filename = f"{repo_folder}_emb"
        ti_keys = ", ".join(f'"{match}"' for match in re.findall(r"<s\d+>", instance_prompt))
        trigger_str = (
            "To trigger image generation of trained concept(or concepts) replace each concept identifier "
            "in you prompt with the new inserted tokens:\n"
        )
        diffusers_imports_pivotal = """from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
    from safetensors.torch import load_file
            """
        if enable_t5_ti:
            diffusers_example_pivotal = f"""embedding_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id='{repo_id}', filename='{embeddings_filename}.safetensors', repo_type="model")
    state_dict = load_file(embedding_path)
    pipeline.load_textual_inversion(state_dict["clip_l"], token=[{ti_keys}], text_encoder=pipeline.text_encoder, tokenizer=pipeline.tokenizer)
    pipeline.load_textual_inversion(state_dict["t5"], token=[{ti_keys}], text_encoder=pipeline.text_encoder_2, tokenizer=pipeline.tokenizer_2)
            """
        else:
            diffusers_example_pivotal = f"""embedding_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id='{repo_id}', filename='{embeddings_filename}.safetensors', repo_type="model")
    state_dict = load_file(embedding_path)
    pipeline.load_textual_inversion(state_dict["clip_l"], token=[{ti_keys}], text_encoder=pipeline.text_encoder, tokenizer=pipeline.tokenizer)
            """
        if token_abstraction_dict:
            for key, value in token_abstraction_dict.items():
                tokens = "".join(value)
                trigger_str += f"""
    to trigger concept `{key}` → use `{tokens}` in your prompt \n
    """

    model_description = f"""
# Flux DreamBooth LoRA - {repo_id}

<Gallery />

## Model description

These are {repo_id} DreamBooth LoRA weights for {base_model}.

The weights were trained using [DreamBooth](https://dreambooth.github.io/) with the [Flux diffusers trainer](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/examples/dreambooth/README_flux.md).

Was LoRA for the text encoder enabled? {train_text_encoder}.

Pivotal tuning was enabled: {train_text_encoder_ti}.

## Trigger words

{trigger_str}

## Download model

[Download the *.safetensors LoRA]({repo_id}/tree/main) in the Files & versions tab.

## Use it with the [🧨 diffusers library](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers)

```py
from diffusers import AutoPipelineForText2Image
import torch
{diffusers_imports_pivotal}
pipeline = AutoPipelineForText2Image.from_pretrained("black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).to('cuda')
{diffusers_load_lora}
{diffusers_example_pivotal}
image = pipeline('{validation_prompt if validation_prompt else instance_prompt}').images[0]
```

For more details, including weighting, merging and fusing LoRAs, check the [documentation on loading LoRAs in diffusers](https://huggingface.co/docs/diffusers/main/en/using-diffusers/loading_adapters)

## License

Please adhere to the licensing terms as described [here](https://huggingface.co/black-forest-labs/FLUX.1-dev/blob/main/LICENSE.md).
"""
    model_card = load_or_create_model_card(
        repo_id_or_path=repo_id,
        from_training=True,
        license="other",
        base_model=base_model,
        prompt=instance_prompt,
        model_description=model_description,
        widget=widget_dict,
    )
    tags = [
        "text-to-image",
        "diffusers-training",
        "diffusers",
        "lora",
        "flux",
        "flux-diffusers",
        "template:sd-lora",
    ]

    model_card = populate_model_card(model_card, tags=tags)
    model_card.save(os.path.join(repo_folder, "README.md"))


def load_text_encoders(class_one, class_two):
    text_encoder_one = class_one.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="text_encoder", revision=args.revision, variant=args.variant
    )
    text_encoder_two = class_two.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="text_encoder_2", revision=args.revision, variant=args.variant
    )
    return text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two


def log_validation(
    pipeline,
    args,
    accelerator,
    pipeline_args,
    epoch,
    torch_dtype,
    is_final_validation=False,
):
    logger.info(
        f"Running validation... \n Generating {args.num_validation_images} images with prompt:"
        f" {args.validation_prompt}."
    )
    pipeline = pipeline.to(accelerator.device, dtype=torch_dtype)
    pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

    # run inference
    generator = torch.Generator(device=accelerator.device).manual_seed(args.seed) if args.seed is not None else None
    autocast_ctx = torch.autocast(accelerator.device.type) if not is_final_validation else nullcontext()

    # pre-calculate  prompt embeds, pooled prompt embeds, text ids because t5 does not support autocast
    with torch.no_grad():
        prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids = pipeline.encode_prompt(
            pipeline_args["prompt"], prompt_2=pipeline_args["prompt"]
        )
    images = []
    for _ in range(args.num_validation_images):
        with autocast_ctx:
            image = pipeline(
                prompt_embeds=prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds=pooled_prompt_embeds, generator=generator
            ).images[0]
            images.append(image)

    for tracker in accelerator.trackers:
        phase_name = "test" if is_final_validation else "validation"
        if tracker.name == "tensorboard":
            np_images = np.stack([np.asarray(img) for img in images])
            tracker.writer.add_images(phase_name, np_images, epoch, dataformats="NHWC")
        if tracker.name == "wandb":
            tracker.log(
                {
                    phase_name: [
                        wandb.Image(image, caption=f"{i}: {args.validation_prompt}") for i, image in enumerate(images)
                    ]
                }
            )

    del pipeline
    free_memory()

    return images


def import_model_class_from_model_name_or_path(
    pretrained_model_name_or_path: str, revision: str, subfolder: str = "text_encoder"
):
    text_encoder_config = PretrainedConfig.from_pretrained(
        pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder=subfolder, revision=revision
    )
    model_class = text_encoder_config.architectures[0]
    if model_class == "CLIPTextModel":
        from transformers import CLIPTextModel

        return CLIPTextModel
    elif model_class == "T5EncoderModel":
        from transformers import T5EncoderModel

        return T5EncoderModel
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"{model_class} is not supported.")


def parse_args(input_args=None):
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple example of a training script.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pretrained_model_name_or_path",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="Path to pretrained model or model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--revision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="Revision of pretrained model identifier from huggingface.co/models.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--variant",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Variant of the model files of the pretrained model identifier from huggingface.co/models, 'e.g.' fp16",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataset_name",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "The name of the Dataset (from the HuggingFace hub) containing the training data of instance images (could be your own, possibly private,"
            " dataset). It can also be a path pointing to a local copy of a dataset in your filesystem,"
            " or to a folder containing files that 🤗 Datasets can understand."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataset_config_name",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The config of the Dataset, leave as None if there's only one config.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=("A folder containing the training data. "),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--cache_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The directory where the downloaded models and datasets will be stored.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--image_column",
        type=str,
        default="image",
        help="The column of the dataset containing the target image. By "
        "default, the standard Image Dataset maps out 'file_name' "
        "to 'image'.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--caption_column",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The column of the dataset containing the instance prompt for each image",
    )

    parser.add_argument("--repeats", type=int, default=1, help="How many times to repeat the training data.")

    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_data_dir",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=False,
        help="A folder containing the training data of class images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--instance_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        required=True,
        help="The prompt with identifier specifying the instance, e.g. 'photo of a TOK dog', 'in the style of TOK'",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--token_abstraction",
        type=str,
        default="TOK",
        help="identifier specifying the instance(or instances) as used in instance_prompt, validation prompt, "
        "captions - e.g. TOK. To use multiple identifiers, please specify them in a comma separated string - e.g. "
        "'TOK,TOK2,TOK3' etc.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_new_tokens_per_abstraction",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help="number of new tokens inserted to the tokenizers per token_abstraction identifier when "
        "--train_text_encoder_ti = True. By default, each --token_abstraction (e.g. TOK) is mapped to 2 new "
        "tokens - <si><si+1> ",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--initializer_concept",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="the concept to use to initialize the new inserted tokens when training with "
        "--train_text_encoder_ti = True. By default, new tokens (<si><si+1>) are initialized with random value. "
        "Alternatively, you could specify a different word/words whose value will be used as the starting point for the new inserted tokens. "
        "--num_new_tokens_per_abstraction is ignored when initializer_concept is provided",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--class_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The prompt to specify images in the same class as provided instance images.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max_sequence_length",
        type=int,
        default=512,
        help="Maximum sequence length to use with with the T5 text encoder",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_prompt",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="A prompt that is used during validation to verify that the model is learning.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_validation_images",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help="Number of images that should be generated during validation with `validation_prompt`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validation_epochs",
        type=int,
        default=50,
        help=(
            "Run dreambooth validation every X epochs. Dreambooth validation consists of running the prompt"
            " `args.validation_prompt` multiple times: `args.num_validation_images`."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--rank",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help=("The dimension of the LoRA update matrices."),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--with_prior_preservation",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help="Flag to add prior preservation loss.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--prior_loss_weight", type=float, default=1.0, help="The weight of prior preservation loss.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--num_class_images",
        type=int,
        default=100,
        help=(
            "Minimal class images for prior preservation loss. If there are not enough images already present in"
            " class_data_dir, additional images will be sampled with class_prompt."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output_dir",
        type=str,
        default="flux-dreambooth-lora",
        help="The output directory where the model predictions and checkpoints will be written.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--seed", type=int, default=None, help="A seed for reproducible training.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resolution",
        type=int,
        default=512,
        help=(
            "The resolution for input images, all the images in the train/validation dataset will be resized to this"
            " resolution"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--center_crop",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether to center crop the input images to the resolution. If not set, the images will be randomly"
            " cropped. The images will be resized to the resolution first before cropping."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--random_flip",
        action="store_true",
        help="whether to randomly flip images horizontally",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_text_encoder",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to train the text encoder. If set, the text encoder should be float32 precision.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_text_encoder_ti",
        action="store_true",
        help=("Whether to use pivotal tuning / textual inversion"),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--enable_t5_ti",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether to use pivotal tuning / textual inversion for the T5 encoder as well (in addition to CLIP encoder)"
        ),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_text_encoder_ti_frac",
        type=float,
        default=0.5,
        help=("The percentage of epochs to perform textual inversion"),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_text_encoder_frac",
        type=float,
        default=1.0,
        help=("The percentage of epochs to perform text encoder tuning"),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_transformer_frac",
        type=float,
        default=1.0,
        help=("The percentage of epochs to perform transformer tuning"),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--train_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for the training dataloader."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--sample_batch_size", type=int, default=4, help="Batch size (per device) for sampling images."
    )
    parser.add_argument("--num_train_epochs", type=int, default=1)
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max_train_steps",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help="Total number of training steps to perform.  If provided, overrides num_train_epochs.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpointing_steps",
        type=int,
        default=500,
        help=(
            "Save a checkpoint of the training state every X updates. These checkpoints can be used both as final"
            " checkpoints in case they are better than the last checkpoint, and are also suitable for resuming"
            " training using `--resume_from_checkpoint`."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--checkpoints_total_limit",
        type=int,
        default=None,
        help=("Max number of checkpoints to store."),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--resume_from_checkpoint",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "Whether training should be resumed from a previous checkpoint. Use a path saved by"
            ' `--checkpointing_steps`, or `"latest"` to automatically select the last available checkpoint.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_accumulation_steps",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of updates steps to accumulate before performing a backward/update pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--gradient_checkpointing",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to use gradient checkpointing to save memory at the expense of slower backward pass.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--learning_rate",
        type=float,
        default=1e-4,
        help="Initial learning rate (after the potential warmup period) to use.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--guidance_scale",
        type=float,
        default=3.5,
        help="the FLUX.1 dev variant is a guidance distilled model",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--text_encoder_lr",
        type=float,
        default=5e-6,
        help="Text encoder learning rate to use.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--scale_lr",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Scale the learning rate by the number of GPUs, gradient accumulation steps, and batch size.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_scheduler",
        type=str,
        default="constant",
        help=(
            'The scheduler type to use. Choose between ["linear", "cosine", "cosine_with_restarts", "polynomial",'
            ' "constant", "constant_with_warmup"]'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_warmup_steps", type=int, default=500, help="Number of steps for the warmup in the lr scheduler."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--lr_num_cycles",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        help="Number of hard resets of the lr in cosine_with_restarts scheduler.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--lr_power", type=float, default=1.0, help="Power factor of the polynomial scheduler.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dataloader_num_workers",
        type=int,
        default=0,
        help=(
            "Number of subprocesses to use for data loading. 0 means that the data will be loaded in the main process."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--weighting_scheme",
        type=str,
        default="none",
        choices=["sigma_sqrt", "logit_normal", "mode", "cosmap", "none"],
        help=('We default to the "none" weighting scheme for uniform sampling and uniform loss'),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logit_mean", type=float, default=0.0, help="mean to use when using the `'logit_normal'` weighting scheme."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logit_std", type=float, default=1.0, help="std to use when using the `'logit_normal'` weighting scheme."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mode_scale",
        type=float,
        default=1.29,
        help="Scale of mode weighting scheme. Only effective when using the `'mode'` as the `weighting_scheme`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--optimizer",
        type=str,
        default="AdamW",
        help=('The optimizer type to use. Choose between ["AdamW", "prodigy"]'),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--use_8bit_adam",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether or not to use 8-bit Adam from bitsandbytes. Ignored if optimizer is not set to AdamW",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_beta1", type=float, default=0.9, help="The beta1 parameter for the Adam and Prodigy optimizers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_beta2", type=float, default=0.999, help="The beta2 parameter for the Adam and Prodigy optimizers."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_beta3",
        type=float,
        default=None,
        help="coefficients for computing the Prodigy stepsize using running averages. If set to None, "
        "uses the value of square root of beta2. Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--prodigy_decouple", type=bool, default=True, help="Use AdamW style decoupled weight decay")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_weight_decay", type=float, default=1e-04, help="Weight decay to use for transformer params"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_weight_decay_text_encoder", type=float, default=1e-03, help="Weight decay to use for text_encoder"
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--lora_layers",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help=(
            "The transformer modules to apply LoRA training on. Please specify the layers in a comma separated. "
            'E.g. - "to_k,to_q,to_v,to_out.0" will result in lora training of attention layers only. For more examples refer to https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/blob/main/examples/advanced_diffusion_training/README_flux.md'
        ),
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--adam_epsilon",
        type=float,
        default=1e-08,
        help="Epsilon value for the Adam optimizer and Prodigy optimizers.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_use_bias_correction",
        type=bool,
        default=True,
        help="Turn on Adam's bias correction. True by default. Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prodigy_safeguard_warmup",
        type=bool,
        default=True,
        help="Remove lr from the denominator of D estimate to avoid issues during warm-up stage. True by default. "
        "Ignored if optimizer is adamW",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--max_grad_norm", default=1.0, type=float, help="Max gradient norm.")
    parser.add_argument("--push_to_hub", action="store_true", help="Whether or not to push the model to the Hub.")
    parser.add_argument("--hub_token", type=str, default=None, help="The token to use to push to the Model Hub.")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--hub_model_id",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="The name of the repository to keep in sync with the local `output_dir`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--logging_dir",
        type=str,
        default="logs",
        help=(
            "[TensorBoard](https://www.tensorflow.org/tensorboard) log directory. Will default to"
            " *output_dir/runs/**CURRENT_DATETIME_HOSTNAME***."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--allow_tf32",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether or not to allow TF32 on Ampere GPUs. Can be used to speed up training. For more information, see"
            " https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--cache_latents",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Cache the VAE latents",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--report_to",
        type=str,
        default="tensorboard",
        help=(
            'The integration to report the results and logs to. Supported platforms are `"tensorboard"`'
            ' (default), `"wandb"` and `"comet_ml"`. Use `"all"` to report to all integrations.'
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mixed_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Whether to use mixed precision. Choose between fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to the value of accelerate config of the current system or the"
            " flag passed with the `accelerate.launch` command. Use this argument to override the accelerate config."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--upcast_before_saving",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help=(
            "Whether to upcast the trained transformer layers to float32 before saving (at the end of training). "
            "Defaults to precision dtype used for training to save memory"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prior_generation_precision",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        choices=["no", "fp32", "fp16", "bf16"],
        help=(
            "Choose prior generation precision between fp32, fp16 and bf16 (bfloat16). Bf16 requires PyTorch >="
            " 1.10.and an Nvidia Ampere GPU.  Default to  fp16 if a GPU is available else fp32."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument("--local_rank", type=int, default=-1, help="For distributed training: local_rank")

    if input_args is not None:
        args = parser.parse_args(input_args)
    else:
        args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.dataset_name is None and args.instance_data_dir is None:
        raise ValueError("Specify either `--dataset_name` or `--instance_data_dir`")

    if args.dataset_name is not None and args.instance_data_dir is not None:
        raise ValueError("Specify only one of `--dataset_name` or `--instance_data_dir`")

    if args.train_text_encoder and args.train_text_encoder_ti:
        raise ValueError(
            "Specify only one of `--train_text_encoder` or `--train_text_encoder_ti. "
            "For full LoRA text encoder training check --train_text_encoder, for textual "
            "inversion training check `--train_text_encoder_ti`"
        )
    if args.train_transformer_frac < 1 and not args.train_text_encoder_ti:
        raise ValueError(
            "--train_transformer_frac must be == 1 if text_encoder training / textual inversion is not enabled."
        )
    if args.train_transformer_frac < 1 and args.train_text_encoder_ti_frac < 1:
        raise ValueError(
            "--train_transformer_frac and --train_text_encoder_ti_frac are identical and smaller than 1. "
            "This contradicts with --max_train_steps, please specify different values or set both to 1."
        )
    if args.enable_t5_ti and not args.train_text_encoder_ti:
        logger.warning("You need not use --enable_t5_ti without --train_text_encoder_ti.")

    if args.train_text_encoder_ti and args.initializer_concept and args.num_new_tokens_per_abstraction:
        logger.warning(
            "When specifying --initializer_concept, the number of tokens per abstraction is detrimned "
            "by the initializer token. --num_new_tokens_per_abstraction will be ignored"
        )

    env_local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", -1))
    if env_local_rank != -1 and env_local_rank != args.local_rank:
        args.local_rank = env_local_rank

    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        if args.class_data_dir is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify a data directory for class images.")
        if args.class_prompt is None:
            raise ValueError("You must specify prompt for class images.")
    else:
        if args.class_data_dir is not None:
            logger.warning("You need not use --class_data_dir without --with_prior_preservation.")
        if args.class_prompt is not None:
            logger.warning("You need not use --class_prompt without --with_prior_preservation.")

    return args


# Modified from https://github.com/replicate/cog-sdxl/blob/main/dataset_and_utils.py
class TokenEmbeddingsHandler:
    def __init__(self, text_encoders, tokenizers):
        self.text_encoders = text_encoders
        self.tokenizers = tokenizers

        self.train_ids: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
        self.train_ids_t5: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
        self.inserting_toks: Optional[List[str]] = None
        self.embeddings_settings = {}

    def initialize_new_tokens(self, inserting_toks: List[str]):
        idx = 0
        for tokenizer, text_encoder in zip(self.tokenizers, self.text_encoders):
            assert isinstance(inserting_toks, list), "inserting_toks should be a list of strings."
            assert all(isinstance(tok, str) for tok in inserting_toks), (
                "All elements in inserting_toks should be strings."
            )

            self.inserting_toks = inserting_toks
            special_tokens_dict = {"additional_special_tokens": self.inserting_toks}
            tokenizer.add_special_tokens(special_tokens_dict)
            # Resize the token embeddings as we are adding new special tokens to the tokenizer
            text_encoder.resize_token_embeddings(len(tokenizer))

            # Convert the token abstractions to ids
            if idx == 0:
                self.train_ids = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(self.inserting_toks)
            else:
                self.train_ids_t5 = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(self.inserting_toks)

            # random initialization of new tokens
            embeds = (
                text_encoder.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding if idx == 0 else text_encoder.encoder.embed_tokens
            )
            std_token_embedding = embeds.weight.data.std()

            logger.info(f"{idx} text encoder's std_token_embedding: {std_token_embedding}")

            train_ids = self.train_ids if idx == 0 else self.train_ids_t5
            # if initializer_concept are not provided, token embeddings are initialized randomly
            if args.initializer_concept is None:
                hidden_size = (
                    text_encoder.text_model.config.hidden_size if idx == 0 else text_encoder.encoder.config.hidden_size
                )
                embeds.weight.data[train_ids] = (
                    torch.randn(len(train_ids), hidden_size).to(device=self.device).to(dtype=self.dtype)
                    * std_token_embedding
                )
            else:
                # Convert the initializer_token, placeholder_token to ids
                initializer_token_ids = tokenizer.encode(args.initializer_concept, add_special_tokens=False)
                for token_idx, token_id in enumerate(train_ids):
                    embeds.weight.data[token_id] = (embeds.weight.data)[
                        initializer_token_ids[token_idx % len(initializer_token_ids)]
                    ].clone()

            self.embeddings_settings[f"original_embeddings_{idx}"] = embeds.weight.data.clone()
            self.embeddings_settings[f"std_token_embedding_{idx}"] = std_token_embedding

            # makes sure we don't update any embedding weights besides the newly added token
            index_no_updates = torch.ones((len(tokenizer),), dtype=torch.bool)
            index_no_updates[train_ids] = False

            self.embeddings_settings[f"index_no_updates_{idx}"] = index_no_updates

            logger.info(self.embeddings_settings[f"index_no_updates_{idx}"].shape)

            idx += 1

    def save_embeddings(self, file_path: str):
        assert self.train_ids is not None, "Initialize new tokens before saving embeddings."
        tensors = {}
        # text_encoder_one, idx==0 - CLIP ViT-L/14, text_encoder_two, idx==1 - T5 xxl
        idx_to_text_encoder_name = {0: "clip_l", 1: "t5"}
        for idx, text_encoder in enumerate(self.text_encoders):
            train_ids = self.train_ids if idx == 0 else self.train_ids_t5
            embeds = text_encoder.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding if idx == 0 else text_encoder.shared
            assert embeds.weight.data.shape[0] == len(self.tokenizers[idx]), "Tokenizers should be the same."
            new_token_embeddings = embeds.weight.data[train_ids]

            # New tokens for each text encoder are saved under "clip_l" (for text_encoder 0),
            # Note: When loading with diffusers, any name can work - simply specify in inference
            tensors[idx_to_text_encoder_name[idx]] = new_token_embeddings
            # tensors[f"text_encoders_{idx}"] = new_token_embeddings

        save_file(tensors, file_path)

    @property
    def dtype(self):
        return self.text_encoders[0].dtype

    @property
    def device(self):
        return self.text_encoders[0].device

    @torch.no_grad()
    def retract_embeddings(self):
        for idx, text_encoder in enumerate(self.text_encoders):
            embeds = text_encoder.text_model.embeddings.token_embedding if idx == 0 else text_encoder.shared
            index_no_updates = self.embeddings_settings[f"index_no_updates_{idx}"]
            embeds.weight.data[index_no_updates] = (
                self.embeddings_settings[f"original_embeddings_{idx}"][index_no_updates]
                .to(device=text_encoder.device)
                .to(dtype=text_encoder.dtype)
            )

            # for the parts that were updated, we need to normalize them
            # to have the same std as before
            std_token_embedding = self.embeddings_settings[f"std_token_embedding_{idx}"]

            index_updates = ~index_no_updates
            new_embeddings = embeds.weight.data[index_updates]
            off_ratio = std_token_embedding / new_embeddings.std()

            new_embeddings = new_embeddings * (off_ratio**0.1)
            embeds.weight.data[index_updates] = new_embeddings


class DreamBoothDataset(Dataset):
    """
    A dataset to prepare the instance and class images with the prompts for fine-tuning the model.
    It pre-processes the images.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        instance_data_root,
        instance_prompt,
        class_prompt,
        train_text_encoder_ti,
        token_abstraction_dict=None,  # token mapping for textual inversion
        class_data_root=None,
        class_num=None,
        size=1024,
        repeats=1,
        center_crop=False,
    ):
        self.size = size
        self.center_crop = center_crop

        self.instance_prompt = instance_prompt
        self.custom_instance_prompts = None
        self.class_prompt = class_prompt
        self.token_abstraction_dict = token_abstraction_dict
        self.train_text_encoder_ti = train_text_encoder_ti
        # if --dataset_name is provided or a metadata jsonl file is provided in the local --instance_data directory,
        # we load the training data using load_dataset
        if args.dataset_name is not None:
            try:
                from datasets import load_dataset
            except ImportError:
                raise ImportError(
                    "You are trying to load your data using the datasets library. If you wish to train using custom "
                    "captions please install the datasets library: `pip install datasets`. If you wish to load a "
                    "local folder containing images only, specify --instance_data_dir instead."
                )
            # Downloading and loading a dataset from the hub.
            # See more about loading custom images at
            # https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.0.0/en/dataset_script
            dataset = load_dataset(
                args.dataset_name,
                args.dataset_config_name,
                cache_dir=args.cache_dir,
            )
            # Preprocessing the datasets.
            column_names = dataset["train"].column_names

            # 6. Get the column names for input/target.
            if args.image_column is None:
                image_column = column_names[0]
                logger.info(f"image column defaulting to {image_column}")
            else:
                image_column = args.image_column
                if image_column not in column_names:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"`--image_column` value '{args.image_column}' not found in dataset columns. Dataset columns are: {', '.join(column_names)}"
                    )
            instance_images = dataset["train"][image_column]

            if args.caption_column is None:
                logger.info(
                    "No caption column provided, defaulting to instance_prompt for all images. If your dataset "
                    "contains captions/prompts for the images, make sure to specify the "
                    "column as --caption_column"
                )
                self.custom_instance_prompts = None
            else:
                if args.caption_column not in column_names:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"`--caption_column` value '{args.caption_column}' not found in dataset columns. Dataset columns are: {', '.join(column_names)}"
                    )
                custom_instance_prompts = dataset["train"][args.caption_column]
                # create final list of captions according to --repeats
                self.custom_instance_prompts = []
                for caption in custom_instance_prompts:
                    self.custom_instance_prompts.extend(itertools.repeat(caption, repeats))
        else:
            self.instance_data_root = Path(instance_data_root)
            if not self.instance_data_root.exists():
                raise ValueError("Instance images root doesn't exists.")

            instance_images = [Image.open(path) for path in list(Path(instance_data_root).iterdir())]
            self.custom_instance_prompts = None

        self.instance_images = []
        for img in instance_images:
            self.instance_images.extend(itertools.repeat(img, repeats))

        self.pixel_values = []
        train_resize = transforms.Resize(size, interpolation=transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR)
        train_crop = transforms.CenterCrop(size) if center_crop else transforms.RandomCrop(size)
        train_flip = transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(p=1.0)
        train_transforms = transforms.Compose(
            [
                transforms.ToTensor(),
                transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5]),
            ]
        )
        for image in self.instance_images:
            image = exif_transpose(image)
            if not image.mode == "RGB":
                image = image.convert("RGB")
            image = train_resize(image)
            if args.random_flip and random.random() < 0.5:
                # flip
                image = train_flip(image)
            if args.center_crop:
                y1 = max(0, int(round((image.height - args.resolution) / 2.0)))
                x1 = max(0, int(round((image.width - args.resolution) / 2.0)))
                image = train_crop(image)
            else:
                y1, x1, h, w = train_crop.get_params(image, (args.resolution, args.resolution))
                image = crop(image, y1, x1, h, w)
            image = train_transforms(image)
            self.pixel_values.append(image)

        self.num_instance_images = len(self.instance_images)
        self._length = self.num_instance_images

        if class_data_root is not None:
            self.class_data_root = Path(class_data_root)
            self.class_data_root.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            self.class_images_path = list(self.class_data_root.iterdir())
            if class_num is not None:
                self.num_class_images = min(len(self.class_images_path), class_num)
            else:
                self.num_class_images = len(self.class_images_path)
            self._length = max(self.num_class_images, self.num_instance_images)
        else:
            self.class_data_root = None

        self.image_transforms = transforms.Compose(
            [
                transforms.Resize(size, interpolation=transforms.InterpolationMode.BILINEAR),
                transforms.CenterCrop(size) if center_crop else transforms.RandomCrop(size),
                transforms.ToTensor(),
                transforms.Normalize([0.5], [0.5]),
            ]
        )

    def __len__(self):
        return self._length

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        instance_image = self.pixel_values[index % self.num_instance_images]
        example["instance_images"] = instance_image

        if self.custom_instance_prompts:
            caption = self.custom_instance_prompts[index % self.num_instance_images]
            if caption:
                if self.train_text_encoder_ti:
                    # replace instances of --token_abstraction in caption with the new tokens: "<si><si+1>" etc.
                    for token_abs, token_replacement in self.token_abstraction_dict.items():
                        caption = caption.replace(token_abs, "".join(token_replacement))
                example["instance_prompt"] = caption
            else:
                example["instance_prompt"] = self.instance_prompt

        else:  # the given instance prompt is used for all images
            example["instance_prompt"] = self.instance_prompt

        if self.class_data_root:
            class_image = Image.open(self.class_images_path[index % self.num_class_images])
            class_image = exif_transpose(class_image)

            if not class_image.mode == "RGB":
                class_image = class_image.convert("RGB")
            example["class_images"] = self.image_transforms(class_image)
            example["class_prompt"] = self.class_prompt

        return example


def collate_fn(examples, with_prior_preservation=False):
    pixel_values = [example["instance_images"] for example in examples]
    prompts = [example["instance_prompt"] for example in examples]

    # Concat class and instance examples for prior preservation.
    # We do this to avoid doing two forward passes.
    if with_prior_preservation:
        pixel_values += [example["class_images"] for example in examples]
        prompts += [example["class_prompt"] for example in examples]

    pixel_values = torch.stack(pixel_values)
    pixel_values = pixel_values.to(memory_format=torch.contiguous_format).float()

    batch = {"pixel_values": pixel_values, "prompts": prompts}
    return batch


class PromptDataset(Dataset):
    "A simple dataset to prepare the prompts to generate class images on multiple GPUs."

    def __init__(self, prompt, num_samples):
        self.prompt = prompt
        self.num_samples = num_samples

    def __len__(self):
        return self.num_samples

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        example = {}
        example["prompt"] = self.prompt
        example["index"] = index
        return example


def tokenize_prompt(tokenizer, prompt, max_sequence_length, add_special_tokens=False):
    text_inputs = tokenizer(
        prompt,
        padding="max_length",
        max_length=max_sequence_length,
        truncation=True,
        return_length=False,
        return_overflowing_tokens=False,
        add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens,
        return_tensors="pt",
    )
    text_input_ids = text_inputs.input_ids
    return text_input_ids


def _encode_prompt_with_t5(
    text_encoder,
    tokenizer,
    max_sequence_length=512,
    prompt=None,
    num_images_per_prompt=1,
    device=None,
    text_input_ids=None,
):
    prompt = [prompt] if isinstance(prompt, str) else prompt
    batch_size = len(prompt)

    if tokenizer is not None:
        text_inputs = tokenizer(
            prompt,
            padding="max_length",
            max_length=max_sequence_length,
            truncation=True,
            return_length=False,
            return_overflowing_tokens=False,
            return_tensors="pt",
        )
        text_input_ids = text_inputs.input_ids
    else:
        if text_input_ids is None:
            raise ValueError("text_input_ids must be provided when the tokenizer is not specified")

    prompt_embeds = text_encoder(text_input_ids.to(device))[0]

    if hasattr(text_encoder, "module"):
        dtype = text_encoder.module.dtype
    else:
        dtype = text_encoder.dtype
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.to(dtype=dtype, device=device)

    _, seq_len, _ = prompt_embeds.shape

    # duplicate text embeddings and attention mask for each generation per prompt, using mps friendly method
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.view(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, seq_len, -1)

    return prompt_embeds


def _encode_prompt_with_clip(
    text_encoder,
    tokenizer,
    prompt: str,
    device=None,
    text_input_ids=None,
    num_images_per_prompt: int = 1,
):
    prompt = [prompt] if isinstance(prompt, str) else prompt
    batch_size = len(prompt)

    if tokenizer is not None:
        text_inputs = tokenizer(
            prompt,
            padding="max_length",
            max_length=77,
            truncation=True,
            return_overflowing_tokens=False,
            return_length=False,
            return_tensors="pt",
        )

        text_input_ids = text_inputs.input_ids
    else:
        if text_input_ids is None:
            raise ValueError("text_input_ids must be provided when the tokenizer is not specified")

    prompt_embeds = text_encoder(text_input_ids.to(device), output_hidden_states=False)

    if hasattr(text_encoder, "module"):
        dtype = text_encoder.module.dtype
    else:
        dtype = text_encoder.dtype
    # Use pooled output of CLIPTextModel
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.pooler_output
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.to(dtype=dtype, device=device)

    # duplicate text embeddings for each generation per prompt, using mps friendly method
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.repeat(1, num_images_per_prompt, 1)
    prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.view(batch_size * num_images_per_prompt, -1)

    return prompt_embeds


def encode_prompt(
    text_encoders,
    tokenizers,
    prompt: str,
    max_sequence_length,
    device=None,
    num_images_per_prompt: int = 1,
    text_input_ids_list=None,
):
    prompt = [prompt] if isinstance(prompt, str) else prompt
    if hasattr(text_encoders[0], "module"):
        dtype = text_encoders[0].module.dtype
    else:
        dtype = text_encoders[0].dtype

    pooled_prompt_embeds = _encode_prompt_with_clip(
        text_encoder=text_encoders[0],
        tokenizer=tokenizers[0],
        prompt=prompt,
        device=device if device is not None else text_encoders[0].device,
        num_images_per_prompt=num_images_per_prompt,
        text_input_ids=text_input_ids_list[0] if text_input_ids_list else None,
    )

    prompt_embeds = _encode_prompt_with_t5(
        text_encoder=text_encoders[1],
        tokenizer=tokenizers[1],
        max_sequence_length=max_sequence_length,
        prompt=prompt,
        num_images_per_prompt=num_images_per_prompt,
        device=device if device is not None else text_encoders[1].device,
        text_input_ids=text_input_ids_list[1] if text_input_ids_list else None,
    )

    text_ids = torch.zeros(prompt_embeds.shape[1], 3).to(device=device, dtype=dtype)

    return prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids


def main(args):
    if args.report_to == "wandb" and args.hub_token is not None:
        raise ValueError(
            "You cannot use both --report_to=wandb and --hub_token due to a security risk of exposing your token."
            " Please use `huggingface-cli login` to authenticate with the Hub."
        )

    if torch.backends.mps.is_available() and args.mixed_precision == "bf16":
        # due to pytorch#99272, MPS does not yet support bfloat16.
        raise ValueError(
            "Mixed precision training with bfloat16 is not supported on MPS. Please use fp16 (recommended) or fp32 instead."
        )

    logging_dir = Path(args.output_dir, args.logging_dir)

    accelerator_project_config = ProjectConfiguration(project_dir=args.output_dir, logging_dir=logging_dir)
    kwargs = DistributedDataParallelKwargs(find_unused_parameters=True)
    accelerator = Accelerator(
        gradient_accumulation_steps=args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
        mixed_precision=args.mixed_precision,
        log_with=args.report_to,
        project_config=accelerator_project_config,
        kwargs_handlers=[kwargs],
    )

    # Disable AMP for MPS.
    if torch.backends.mps.is_available():
        accelerator.native_amp = False

    if args.report_to == "wandb":
        if not is_wandb_available():
            raise ImportError("Make sure to install wandb if you want to use it for logging during training.")

    # Make one log on every process with the configuration for debugging.
    logging.basicConfig(
        format="%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(name)s - %(message)s",
        datefmt="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S",
        level=logging.INFO,
    )
    logger.info(accelerator.state, main_process_only=False)
    if accelerator.is_local_main_process:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_warning()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_info()
    else:
        transformers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()
        diffusers.utils.logging.set_verbosity_error()

    # If passed along, set the training seed now.
    if args.seed is not None:
        set_seed(args.seed)

    # Generate class images if prior preservation is enabled.
    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        class_images_dir = Path(args.class_data_dir)
        if not class_images_dir.exists():
            class_images_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
        cur_class_images = len(list(class_images_dir.iterdir()))

        if cur_class_images < args.num_class_images:
            has_supported_fp16_accelerator = torch.cuda.is_available() or torch.backends.mps.is_available()
            torch_dtype = torch.float16 if has_supported_fp16_accelerator else torch.float32
            if args.prior_generation_precision == "fp32":
                torch_dtype = torch.float32
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "fp16":
                torch_dtype = torch.float16
            elif args.prior_generation_precision == "bf16":
                torch_dtype = torch.bfloat16
            pipeline = FluxPipeline.from_pretrained(
                args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
                revision=args.revision,
                variant=args.variant,
            )
            pipeline.set_progress_bar_config(disable=True)

            num_new_images = args.num_class_images - cur_class_images
            logger.info(f"Number of class images to sample: {num_new_images}.")

            sample_dataset = PromptDataset(args.class_prompt, num_new_images)
            sample_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(sample_dataset, batch_size=args.sample_batch_size)

            sample_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(sample_dataloader)
            pipeline.to(accelerator.device)

            for example in tqdm(
                sample_dataloader, desc="Generating class images", disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process
            ):
                images = pipeline(example["prompt"]).images

                for i, image in enumerate(images):
                    hash_image = insecure_hashlib.sha1(image.tobytes()).hexdigest()
                    image_filename = class_images_dir / f"{example['index'][i] + cur_class_images}-{hash_image}.jpg"
                    image.save(image_filename)

            del pipeline
            free_memory()

    # Handle the repository creation
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        if args.output_dir is not None:
            os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)

        model_id = args.hub_model_id or Path(args.output_dir).name
        repo_id = None
        if args.push_to_hub:
            repo_id = create_repo(
                repo_id=model_id,
                exist_ok=True,
            ).repo_id

    # Load the tokenizers
    tokenizer_one = CLIPTokenizer.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="tokenizer",
        revision=args.revision,
    )
    tokenizer_two = T5TokenizerFast.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="tokenizer_2",
        revision=args.revision,
    )

    # import correct text encoder classes
    text_encoder_cls_one = import_model_class_from_model_name_or_path(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, args.revision
    )
    text_encoder_cls_two = import_model_class_from_model_name_or_path(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, args.revision, subfolder="text_encoder_2"
    )

    # Load scheduler and models
    noise_scheduler = FlowMatchEulerDiscreteScheduler.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="scheduler"
    )
    noise_scheduler_copy = copy.deepcopy(noise_scheduler)
    text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two = load_text_encoders(text_encoder_cls_one, text_encoder_cls_two)
    vae = AutoencoderKL.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
        subfolder="vae",
        revision=args.revision,
        variant=args.variant,
    )
    transformer = FluxTransformer2DModel.from_pretrained(
        args.pretrained_model_name_or_path, subfolder="transformer", revision=args.revision, variant=args.variant
    )

    if args.train_text_encoder_ti:
        # we parse the provided token identifier (or identifiers) into a list. s.t. - "TOK" -> ["TOK"], "TOK,
        # TOK2" -> ["TOK", "TOK2"] etc.
        token_abstraction_list = [place_holder.strip() for place_holder in re.split(r",\s*", args.token_abstraction)]
        logger.info(f"list of token identifiers: {token_abstraction_list}")

        if args.initializer_concept is None:
            num_new_tokens_per_abstraction = (
                2 if args.num_new_tokens_per_abstraction is None else args.num_new_tokens_per_abstraction
            )
        # if args.initializer_concept is provided, we ignore args.num_new_tokens_per_abstraction
        else:
            token_ids = tokenizer_one.encode(args.initializer_concept, add_special_tokens=False)
            num_new_tokens_per_abstraction = len(token_ids)
            if args.enable_t5_ti:
                token_ids_t5 = tokenizer_two.encode(args.initializer_concept, add_special_tokens=False)
                num_new_tokens_per_abstraction = max(len(token_ids), len(token_ids_t5))
            logger.info(
                f"initializer_concept: {args.initializer_concept}, num_new_tokens_per_abstraction: {num_new_tokens_per_abstraction}"
            )

        token_abstraction_dict = {}
        token_idx = 0
        for i, token in enumerate(token_abstraction_list):
            token_abstraction_dict[token] = [f"<s{token_idx + i + j}>" for j in range(num_new_tokens_per_abstraction)]
            token_idx += num_new_tokens_per_abstraction - 1

        # replace instances of --token_abstraction in --instance_prompt with the new tokens: "<si><si+1>" etc.
        for token_abs, token_replacement in token_abstraction_dict.items():
            new_instance_prompt = args.instance_prompt.replace(token_abs, "".join(token_replacement))
            if args.instance_prompt == new_instance_prompt:
                logger.warning(
                    "Note! the instance prompt provided in --instance_prompt does not include the token abstraction specified "
                    "--token_abstraction. This may lead to incorrect optimization of text embeddings during pivotal tuning"
                )
            args.instance_prompt = new_instance_prompt
            if args.with_prior_preservation:
                args.class_prompt = args.class_prompt.replace(token_abs, "".join(token_replacement))
            if args.validation_prompt:
                args.validation_prompt = args.validation_prompt.replace(token_abs, "".join(token_replacement))

        # initialize the new tokens for textual inversion
        text_encoders = [text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two] if args.enable_t5_ti else [text_encoder_one]
        tokenizers = [tokenizer_one, tokenizer_two] if args.enable_t5_ti else [tokenizer_one]
        embedding_handler = TokenEmbeddingsHandler(text_encoders, tokenizers)
        inserting_toks = []
        for new_tok in token_abstraction_dict.values():
            inserting_toks.extend(new_tok)
        embedding_handler.initialize_new_tokens(inserting_toks=inserting_toks)

    # We only train the additional adapter LoRA layers
    transformer.requires_grad_(False)
    vae.requires_grad_(False)
    text_encoder_one.requires_grad_(False)
    text_encoder_two.requires_grad_(False)

    # For mixed precision training we cast all non-trainable weights (vae, text_encoder and transformer) to half-precision
    # as these weights are only used for inference, keeping weights in full precision is not required.
    weight_dtype = torch.float32
    if accelerator.mixed_precision == "fp16":
        weight_dtype = torch.float16
    elif accelerator.mixed_precision == "bf16":
        weight_dtype = torch.bfloat16

    if torch.backends.mps.is_available() and weight_dtype == torch.bfloat16:
        # due to pytorch#99272, MPS does not yet support bfloat16.
        raise ValueError(
            "Mixed precision training with bfloat16 is not supported on MPS. Please use fp16 (recommended) or fp32 instead."
        )

    vae.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)
    transformer.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)
    text_encoder_one.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)
    text_encoder_two.to(accelerator.device, dtype=weight_dtype)

    if args.gradient_checkpointing:
        transformer.enable_gradient_checkpointing()
        if args.train_text_encoder:
            text_encoder_one.gradient_checkpointing_enable()

    if args.lora_layers is not None:
        target_modules = [layer.strip() for layer in args.lora_layers.split(",")]
    else:
        target_modules = [
            "attn.to_k",
            "attn.to_q",
            "attn.to_v",
            "attn.to_out.0",
            "attn.add_k_proj",
            "attn.add_q_proj",
            "attn.add_v_proj",
            "attn.to_add_out",
            "ff.net.0.proj",
            "ff.net.2",
            "ff_context.net.0.proj",
            "ff_context.net.2",
        ]
    # now we will add new LoRA weights to the attention layers
    transformer_lora_config = LoraConfig(
        r=args.rank,
        lora_alpha=args.rank,
        init_lora_weights="gaussian",
        target_modules=target_modules,
    )
    transformer.add_adapter(transformer_lora_config)
    if args.train_text_encoder:
        text_lora_config = LoraConfig(
            r=args.rank,
            lora_alpha=args.rank,
            init_lora_weights="gaussian",
            target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "out_proj"],
        )
        text_encoder_one.add_adapter(text_lora_config)

    def unwrap_model(model):
        model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)
        model = model._orig_mod if is_compiled_module(model) else model
        return model

    # create custom saving & loading hooks so that `accelerator.save_state(...)` serializes in a nice format
    def save_model_hook(models, weights, output_dir):
        if accelerator.is_main_process:
            transformer_lora_layers_to_save = None
            text_encoder_one_lora_layers_to_save = None

            for model in models:
                if isinstance(model, type(unwrap_model(transformer))):
                    transformer_lora_layers_to_save = get_peft_model_state_dict(model)
                elif isinstance(model, type(unwrap_model(text_encoder_one))):
                    if args.train_text_encoder:  # when --train_text_encoder_ti we don't save the layers
                        text_encoder_one_lora_layers_to_save = get_peft_model_state_dict(model)
                elif isinstance(model, type(unwrap_model(text_encoder_two))):
                    pass  # when --train_text_encoder_ti and --enable_t5_ti we don't save the layers
                else:
                    raise ValueError(f"unexpected save model: {model.__class__}")

                # make sure to pop weight so that corresponding model is not saved again
                weights.pop()

            FluxPipeline.save_lora_weights(
                output_dir,
                transformer_lora_layers=transformer_lora_layers_to_save,
                text_encoder_lora_layers=text_encoder_one_lora_layers_to_save,
            )
        if args.train_text_encoder_ti:
            embedding_handler.save_embeddings(f"{args.output_dir}/{Path(args.output_dir).name}_emb.safetensors")

    def load_model_hook(models, input_dir):
        transformer_ = None
        text_encoder_one_ = None

        while len(models) > 0:
            model = models.pop()

            if isinstance(model, type(unwrap_model(transformer))):
                transformer_ = model
            elif isinstance(model, type(unwrap_model(text_encoder_one))):
                text_encoder_one_ = model
            else:
                raise ValueError(f"unexpected save model: {model.__class__}")

        lora_state_dict = FluxPipeline.lora_state_dict(input_dir)

        transformer_state_dict = {
            f"{k.replace('transformer.', '')}": v for k, v in lora_state_dict.items() if k.startswith("transformer.")
        }
        transformer_state_dict = convert_unet_state_dict_to_peft(transformer_state_dict)
        incompatible_keys = set_peft_model_state_dict(transformer_, transformer_state_dict, adapter_name="default")
        if incompatible_keys is not None:
            # check only for unexpected keys
            unexpected_keys = getattr(incompatible_keys, "unexpected_keys", None)
            if unexpected_keys:
                logger.warning(
                    f"Loading adapter weights from state_dict led to unexpected keys not found in the model: "
                    f" {unexpected_keys}. "
                )
        if args.train_text_encoder:
            # Do we need to call `scale_lora_layers()` here?
            _set_state_dict_into_text_encoder(lora_state_dict, prefix="text_encoder.", text_encoder=text_encoder_one_)

        # Make sure the trainable params are in float32. This is again needed since the base models
        # are in `weight_dtype`. More details:
        # https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/6514#discussion_r1449796804
        if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
            models = [transformer_]
            if args.train_text_encoder:
                models.extend([text_encoder_one_])
            # only upcast trainable parameters (LoRA) into fp32
            cast_training_params(models)

    accelerator.register_save_state_pre_hook(save_model_hook)
    accelerator.register_load_state_pre_hook(load_model_hook)

    # Enable TF32 for faster training on Ampere GPUs,
    # cf https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/notes/cuda.html#tensorfloat-32-tf32-on-ampere-devices
    if args.allow_tf32 and torch.cuda.is_available():
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True

    if args.scale_lr:
        args.learning_rate = (
            args.learning_rate * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes
        )

    # Make sure the trainable params are in float32.
    if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
        models = [transformer]
        if args.train_text_encoder:
            models.extend([text_encoder_one])
        # only upcast trainable parameters (LoRA) into fp32
        cast_training_params(models, dtype=torch.float32)

    transformer_lora_parameters = list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, transformer.parameters()))
    if args.train_text_encoder:
        text_lora_parameters_one = list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, text_encoder_one.parameters()))
    # if we use textual inversion, we freeze all parameters except for the token embeddings
    # in text encoder
    elif args.train_text_encoder_ti:
        text_lora_parameters_one = []  # CLIP
        for name, param in text_encoder_one.named_parameters():
            if "token_embedding" in name:
                # ensure that dtype is float32, even if rest of the model that isn't trained is loaded in fp16
                if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
                    param.data = param.to(dtype=torch.float32)
                param.requires_grad = True
                text_lora_parameters_one.append(param)
            else:
                param.requires_grad = False
        if args.enable_t5_ti:  # whether to do pivotal tuning/textual inversion for T5 as well
            text_lora_parameters_two = []
            for name, param in text_encoder_two.named_parameters():
                if "shared" in name:
                    # ensure that dtype is float32, even if rest of the model that isn't trained is loaded in fp16
                    if args.mixed_precision == "fp16":
                        param.data = param.to(dtype=torch.float32)
                    param.requires_grad = True
                    text_lora_parameters_two.append(param)
                else:
                    param.requires_grad = False

    # If neither --train_text_encoder nor --train_text_encoder_ti, text_encoders remain frozen during training
    freeze_text_encoder = not (args.train_text_encoder or args.train_text_encoder_ti)

    # if --train_text_encoder_ti and train_transformer_frac == 0 where essentially performing textual inversion
    # and not training transformer LoRA layers
    pure_textual_inversion = args.train_text_encoder_ti and args.train_transformer_frac == 0

    # Optimization parameters
    transformer_parameters_with_lr = {"params": transformer_lora_parameters, "lr": args.learning_rate}
    if not freeze_text_encoder:
        # different learning rate for text encoder and transformer
        text_parameters_one_with_lr = {
            "params": text_lora_parameters_one,
            "weight_decay": args.adam_weight_decay_text_encoder
            if args.adam_weight_decay_text_encoder
            else args.adam_weight_decay,
            "lr": args.text_encoder_lr,
        }
        if not args.enable_t5_ti:
            # pure textual inversion - only clip
            if pure_textual_inversion:
                params_to_optimize = [text_parameters_one_with_lr]
                te_idx = 0
            else:  # regular te training or regular pivotal for clip
                params_to_optimize = [transformer_parameters_with_lr, text_parameters_one_with_lr]
                te_idx = 1
        elif args.enable_t5_ti:
            # pivotal tuning of clip & t5
            text_parameters_two_with_lr = {
                "params": text_lora_parameters_two,
                "weight_decay": args.adam_weight_decay_text_encoder
                if args.adam_weight_decay_text_encoder
                else args.adam_weight_decay,
                "lr": args.text_encoder_lr,
            }
            # pure textual inversion - only clip & t5
            if pure_textual_inversion:
                params_to_optimize = [text_parameters_one_with_lr, text_parameters_two_with_lr]
                te_idx = 0
            else:  # regular pivotal tuning of clip & t5
                params_to_optimize = [
                    transformer_parameters_with_lr,
                    text_parameters_one_with_lr,
                    text_parameters_two_with_lr,
                ]
                te_idx = 1
    else:
        params_to_optimize = [transformer_parameters_with_lr]

    # Optimizer creation
    if not (args.optimizer.lower() == "prodigy" or args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw"):
        logger.warning(
            f"Unsupported choice of optimizer: {args.optimizer}.Supported optimizers include [adamW, prodigy]."
            "Defaulting to adamW"
        )
        args.optimizer = "adamw"

    if args.use_8bit_adam and not args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw":
        logger.warning(
            f"use_8bit_adam is ignored when optimizer is not set to 'AdamW'. Optimizer was "
            f"set to {args.optimizer.lower()}"
        )

    if args.optimizer.lower() == "adamw":
        if args.use_8bit_adam:
            try:
                import bitsandbytes as bnb
            except ImportError:
                raise ImportError(
                    "To use 8-bit Adam, please install the bitsandbytes library: `pip install bitsandbytes`."
                )

            optimizer_class = bnb.optim.AdamW8bit
        else:
            optimizer_class = torch.optim.AdamW

        optimizer = optimizer_class(
            params_to_optimize,
            betas=(args.adam_beta1, args.adam_beta2),
            weight_decay=args.adam_weight_decay,
            eps=args.adam_epsilon,
        )

    if args.optimizer.lower() == "prodigy":
        try:
            import prodigyopt
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError("To use Prodigy, please install the prodigyopt library: `pip install prodigyopt`")

        optimizer_class = prodigyopt.Prodigy

        if args.learning_rate <= 0.1:
            logger.warning(
                "Learning rate is too low. When using prodigy, it's generally better to set learning rate around 1.0"
            )
        if not freeze_text_encoder and args.text_encoder_lr:
            logger.warning(
                f"Learning rates were provided both for the transformer and the text encoder- e.g. text_encoder_lr:"
                f" {args.text_encoder_lr} and learning_rate: {args.learning_rate}. "
                f"When using prodigy only learning_rate is used as the initial learning rate."
            )
            # changes the learning rate of text_encoder_parameters to be
            # --learning_rate

            params_to_optimize[te_idx]["lr"] = args.learning_rate
            params_to_optimize[-1]["lr"] = args.learning_rate
        optimizer = optimizer_class(
            params_to_optimize,
            betas=(args.adam_beta1, args.adam_beta2),
            beta3=args.prodigy_beta3,
            weight_decay=args.adam_weight_decay,
            eps=args.adam_epsilon,
            decouple=args.prodigy_decouple,
            use_bias_correction=args.prodigy_use_bias_correction,
            safeguard_warmup=args.prodigy_safeguard_warmup,
        )

    # Dataset and DataLoaders creation:
    train_dataset = DreamBoothDataset(
        instance_data_root=args.instance_data_dir,
        instance_prompt=args.instance_prompt,
        train_text_encoder_ti=args.train_text_encoder_ti,
        token_abstraction_dict=token_abstraction_dict if args.train_text_encoder_ti else None,
        class_prompt=args.class_prompt,
        class_data_root=args.class_data_dir if args.with_prior_preservation else None,
        class_num=args.num_class_images,
        size=args.resolution,
        repeats=args.repeats,
        center_crop=args.center_crop,
    )

    train_dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        train_dataset,
        batch_size=args.train_batch_size,
        shuffle=True,
        collate_fn=lambda examples: collate_fn(examples, args.with_prior_preservation),
        num_workers=args.dataloader_num_workers,
    )

    if freeze_text_encoder:
        tokenizers = [tokenizer_one, tokenizer_two]
        text_encoders = [text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two]

        def compute_text_embeddings(prompt, text_encoders, tokenizers):
            with torch.no_grad():
                prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids = encode_prompt(
                    text_encoders, tokenizers, prompt, args.max_sequence_length
                )
                prompt_embeds = prompt_embeds.to(accelerator.device)
                pooled_prompt_embeds = pooled_prompt_embeds.to(accelerator.device)
                text_ids = text_ids.to(accelerator.device)
            return prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids

    # If no type of tuning is done on the text_encoder and custom instance prompts are NOT
    # provided (i.e. the --instance_prompt is used for all images), we encode the instance prompt once to avoid
    # the redundant encoding.
    if freeze_text_encoder and not train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
        instance_prompt_hidden_states, instance_pooled_prompt_embeds, instance_text_ids = compute_text_embeddings(
            args.instance_prompt, text_encoders, tokenizers
        )

    # Handle class prompt for prior-preservation.
    if args.with_prior_preservation:
        if freeze_text_encoder:
            class_prompt_hidden_states, class_pooled_prompt_embeds, class_text_ids = compute_text_embeddings(
                args.class_prompt, text_encoders, tokenizers
            )

    # Clear the memory here
    if freeze_text_encoder and not train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
        del tokenizers, text_encoders, text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two
        free_memory()

    # if --train_text_encoder_ti we need add_special_tokens to be True for textual inversion
    add_special_tokens_clip = True if args.train_text_encoder_ti else False
    add_special_tokens_t5 = True if (args.train_text_encoder_ti and args.enable_t5_ti) else False

    # If custom instance prompts are NOT provided (i.e. the instance prompt is used for all images),
    # pack the statically computed variables appropriately here. This is so that we don't
    # have to pass them to the dataloader.

    if not train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
        if freeze_text_encoder:
            prompt_embeds = instance_prompt_hidden_states
            pooled_prompt_embeds = instance_pooled_prompt_embeds
            text_ids = instance_text_ids
            if args.with_prior_preservation:
                prompt_embeds = torch.cat([prompt_embeds, class_prompt_hidden_states], dim=0)
                pooled_prompt_embeds = torch.cat([pooled_prompt_embeds, class_pooled_prompt_embeds], dim=0)
                text_ids = torch.cat([text_ids, class_text_ids], dim=0)
        # if we're optimizing the text encoder (both if instance prompt is used for all images or custom prompts)
        # we need to tokenize and encode the batch prompts on all training steps
        else:
            tokens_one = tokenize_prompt(
                tokenizer_one, args.instance_prompt, max_sequence_length=77, add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_clip
            )
            tokens_two = tokenize_prompt(
                tokenizer_two,
                args.instance_prompt,
                max_sequence_length=args.max_sequence_length,
                add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_t5,
            )
            if args.with_prior_preservation:
                class_tokens_one = tokenize_prompt(
                    tokenizer_one,
                    args.class_prompt,
                    max_sequence_length=77,
                    add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_clip,
                )
                class_tokens_two = tokenize_prompt(
                    tokenizer_two,
                    args.class_prompt,
                    max_sequence_length=args.max_sequence_length,
                    add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_t5,
                )
                tokens_one = torch.cat([tokens_one, class_tokens_one], dim=0)
                tokens_two = torch.cat([tokens_two, class_tokens_two], dim=0)

    vae_config_shift_factor = vae.config.shift_factor
    vae_config_scaling_factor = vae.config.scaling_factor
    vae_config_block_out_channels = vae.config.block_out_channels
    if args.cache_latents:
        latents_cache = []
        for batch in tqdm(train_dataloader, desc="Caching latents"):
            with torch.no_grad():
                batch["pixel_values"] = batch["pixel_values"].to(
                    accelerator.device, non_blocking=True, dtype=weight_dtype
                )
                latents_cache.append(vae.encode(batch["pixel_values"]).latent_dist)

        if args.validation_prompt is None:
            del vae
            free_memory()

    # Scheduler and math around the number of training steps.
    # Check the PR https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers/pull/8312 for detailed explanation.
    num_warmup_steps_for_scheduler = args.lr_warmup_steps * accelerator.num_processes
    if args.max_train_steps is None:
        len_train_dataloader_after_sharding = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / accelerator.num_processes)
        num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len_train_dataloader_after_sharding / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
        num_training_steps_for_scheduler = (
            args.num_train_epochs * accelerator.num_processes * num_update_steps_per_epoch
        )
    else:
        num_training_steps_for_scheduler = args.max_train_steps * accelerator.num_processes

    lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
        args.lr_scheduler,
        optimizer=optimizer,
        num_warmup_steps=num_warmup_steps_for_scheduler,
        num_training_steps=num_training_steps_for_scheduler,
        num_cycles=args.lr_num_cycles,
        power=args.lr_power,
    )

    # Prepare everything with our `accelerator`.
    if not freeze_text_encoder:
        if args.enable_t5_ti:
            (
                transformer,
                text_encoder_one,
                text_encoder_two,
                optimizer,
                train_dataloader,
                lr_scheduler,
            ) = accelerator.prepare(
                transformer,
                text_encoder_one,
                text_encoder_two,
                optimizer,
                train_dataloader,
                lr_scheduler,
            )
        else:
            transformer, text_encoder_one, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
                transformer, text_encoder_one, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
            )

    else:
        transformer, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler = accelerator.prepare(
            transformer, optimizer, train_dataloader, lr_scheduler
        )

    # We need to recalculate our total training steps as the size of the training dataloader may have changed.
    num_update_steps_per_epoch = math.ceil(len(train_dataloader) / args.gradient_accumulation_steps)
    if args.max_train_steps is None:
        args.max_train_steps = args.num_train_epochs * num_update_steps_per_epoch
        if num_training_steps_for_scheduler != args.max_train_steps:
            logger.warning(
                f"The length of the 'train_dataloader' after 'accelerator.prepare' ({len(train_dataloader)}) does not match "
                f"the expected length ({len_train_dataloader_after_sharding}) when the learning rate scheduler was created. "
                f"This inconsistency may result in the learning rate scheduler not functioning properly."
            )
    # Afterwards we recalculate our number of training epochs
    args.num_train_epochs = math.ceil(args.max_train_steps / num_update_steps_per_epoch)

    # We need to initialize the trackers we use, and also store our configuration.
    # The trackers initializes automatically on the main process.
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        tracker_name = "dreambooth-flux-dev-lora-advanced"
        accelerator.init_trackers(tracker_name, config=vars(args))

    # Train!
    total_batch_size = args.train_batch_size * accelerator.num_processes * args.gradient_accumulation_steps

    logger.info("***** Running training *****")
    logger.info(f"  Num examples = {len(train_dataset)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num batches each epoch = {len(train_dataloader)}")
    logger.info(f"  Num Epochs = {args.num_train_epochs}")
    logger.info(f"  Instantaneous batch size per device = {args.train_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_batch_size}")
    logger.info(f"  Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
    logger.info(f"  Total optimization steps = {args.max_train_steps}")
    global_step = 0
    first_epoch = 0

    # Potentially load in the weights and states from a previous save
    if args.resume_from_checkpoint:
        if args.resume_from_checkpoint != "latest":
            path = os.path.basename(args.resume_from_checkpoint)
        else:
            # Get the mos recent checkpoint
            dirs = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
            dirs = [d for d in dirs if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
            dirs = sorted(dirs, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))
            path = dirs[-1] if len(dirs) > 0 else None

        if path is None:
            logger.info(f"Checkpoint '{args.resume_from_checkpoint}' does not exist. Starting a new training run.")
            args.resume_from_checkpoint = None
            initial_global_step = 0
        else:
            logger.info(f"Resuming from checkpoint {path}")
            accelerator.load_state(os.path.join(args.output_dir, path))
            global_step = int(path.split("-")[1])

            initial_global_step = global_step
            first_epoch = global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch

    else:
        initial_global_step = 0

    progress_bar = tqdm(
        range(0, args.max_train_steps),
        initial=initial_global_step,
        desc="Steps",
        # Only show the progress bar once on each machine.
        disable=not accelerator.is_local_main_process,
    )

    def get_sigmas(timesteps, n_dim=4, dtype=torch.float32):
        sigmas = noise_scheduler_copy.sigmas.to(device=accelerator.device, dtype=dtype)
        schedule_timesteps = noise_scheduler_copy.timesteps.to(accelerator.device)
        timesteps = timesteps.to(accelerator.device)
        step_indices = [(schedule_timesteps == t).nonzero().item() for t in timesteps]

        sigma = sigmas[step_indices].flatten()
        while len(sigma.shape) < n_dim:
            sigma = sigma.unsqueeze(-1)
        return sigma

    if args.train_text_encoder:
        num_train_epochs_text_encoder = int(args.train_text_encoder_frac * args.num_train_epochs)
        num_train_epochs_transformer = int(args.train_transformer_frac * args.num_train_epochs)
    elif args.train_text_encoder_ti:  # args.train_text_encoder_ti
        num_train_epochs_text_encoder = int(args.train_text_encoder_ti_frac * args.num_train_epochs)
        num_train_epochs_transformer = int(args.train_transformer_frac * args.num_train_epochs)

    # flag used for textual inversion
    pivoted_te = False
    pivoted_tr = False
    for epoch in range(first_epoch, args.num_train_epochs):
        transformer.train()
        # if performing any kind of optimization of text_encoder params
        if args.train_text_encoder or args.train_text_encoder_ti:
            if epoch == num_train_epochs_text_encoder:
                # flag to stop text encoder optimization
                logger.info(f"PIVOT TE {epoch}")
                pivoted_te = True
            else:
                # still optimizing the text encoder
                if args.train_text_encoder:
                    text_encoder_one.train()
                    # set top parameter requires_grad = True for gradient checkpointing works
                    unwrap_model(text_encoder_one).text_model.embeddings.requires_grad_(True)
                elif args.train_text_encoder_ti:  # textual inversion / pivotal tuning
                    text_encoder_one.train()
                if args.enable_t5_ti:
                    text_encoder_two.train()

            if epoch == num_train_epochs_transformer:
                # flag to stop transformer optimization
                logger.info(f"PIVOT TRANSFORMER {epoch}")
                pivoted_tr = True

        for step, batch in enumerate(train_dataloader):
            models_to_accumulate = [transformer]
            if not freeze_text_encoder:
                models_to_accumulate.extend([text_encoder_one])
                if args.enable_t5_ti:
                    models_to_accumulate.extend([text_encoder_two])
            if pivoted_te:
                # stopping optimization of text_encoder params
                optimizer.param_groups[te_idx]["lr"] = 0.0
                optimizer.param_groups[-1]["lr"] = 0.0
            elif pivoted_tr and not pure_textual_inversion:
                logger.info(f"PIVOT TRANSFORMER {epoch}")
                optimizer.param_groups[0]["lr"] = 0.0

            with accelerator.accumulate(models_to_accumulate):
                prompts = batch["prompts"]

                # encode batch prompts when custom prompts are provided for each image -
                if train_dataset.custom_instance_prompts:
                    elems_to_repeat = 1
                    if freeze_text_encoder:
                        prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids = compute_text_embeddings(
                            prompts, text_encoders, tokenizers
                        )
                    else:
                        tokens_one = tokenize_prompt(
                            tokenizer_one, prompts, max_sequence_length=77, add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_clip
                        )
                        tokens_two = tokenize_prompt(
                            tokenizer_two,
                            prompts,
                            max_sequence_length=args.max_sequence_length,
                            add_special_tokens=add_special_tokens_t5,
                        )
                else:
                    elems_to_repeat = len(prompts)

                if not freeze_text_encoder:
                    prompt_embeds, pooled_prompt_embeds, text_ids = encode_prompt(
                        text_encoders=[text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two],
                        tokenizers=[None, None],
                        text_input_ids_list=[
                            tokens_one.repeat(elems_to_repeat, 1),
                            tokens_two.repeat(elems_to_repeat, 1),
                        ],
                        max_sequence_length=args.max_sequence_length,
                        device=accelerator.device,
                        prompt=prompts,
                    )
                # Convert images to latent space
                if args.cache_latents:
                    model_input = latents_cache[step].sample()
                else:
                    pixel_values = batch["pixel_values"].to(dtype=vae.dtype)
                    model_input = vae.encode(pixel_values).latent_dist.sample()
                model_input = (model_input - vae_config_shift_factor) * vae_config_scaling_factor
                model_input = model_input.to(dtype=weight_dtype)

                vae_scale_factor = 2 ** (len(vae_config_block_out_channels) - 1)

                latent_image_ids = FluxPipeline._prepare_latent_image_ids(
                    model_input.shape[0],
                    model_input.shape[2] // 2,
                    model_input.shape[3] // 2,
                    accelerator.device,
                    weight_dtype,
                )
                # Sample noise that we'll add to the latents
                noise = torch.randn_like(model_input)
                bsz = model_input.shape[0]

                # Sample a random timestep for each image
                # for weighting schemes where we sample timesteps non-uniformly
                u = compute_density_for_timestep_sampling(
                    weighting_scheme=args.weighting_scheme,
                    batch_size=bsz,
                    logit_mean=args.logit_mean,
                    logit_std=args.logit_std,
                    mode_scale=args.mode_scale,
                )
                indices = (u * noise_scheduler_copy.config.num_train_timesteps).long()
                timesteps = noise_scheduler_copy.timesteps[indices].to(device=model_input.device)

                # Add noise according to flow matching.
                # zt = (1 - texp) * x + texp * z1
                sigmas = get_sigmas(timesteps, n_dim=model_input.ndim, dtype=model_input.dtype)
                noisy_model_input = (1.0 - sigmas) * model_input + sigmas * noise

                packed_noisy_model_input = FluxPipeline._pack_latents(
                    noisy_model_input,
                    batch_size=model_input.shape[0],
                    num_channels_latents=model_input.shape[1],
                    height=model_input.shape[2],
                    width=model_input.shape[3],
                )

                # handle guidance
                if unwrap_model(transformer).config.guidance_embeds:
                    guidance = torch.tensor([args.guidance_scale], device=accelerator.device)
                    guidance = guidance.expand(model_input.shape[0])
                else:
                    guidance = None

                # Predict the noise residual
                model_pred = transformer(
                    hidden_states=packed_noisy_model_input,
                    # YiYi notes: divide it by 1000 for now because we scale it by 1000 in the transformer model (we should not keep it but I want to keep the inputs same for the model for testing)
                    timestep=timesteps / 1000,
                    guidance=guidance,
                    pooled_projections=pooled_prompt_embeds,
                    encoder_hidden_states=prompt_embeds,
                    txt_ids=text_ids,
                    img_ids=latent_image_ids,
                    return_dict=False,
                )[0]
                model_pred = FluxPipeline._unpack_latents(
                    model_pred,
                    height=model_input.shape[2] * vae_scale_factor,
                    width=model_input.shape[3] * vae_scale_factor,
                    vae_scale_factor=vae_scale_factor,
                )

                # these weighting schemes use a uniform timestep sampling
                # and instead post-weight the loss
                weighting = compute_loss_weighting_for_sd3(weighting_scheme=args.weighting_scheme, sigmas=sigmas)

                # flow matching loss
                target = noise - model_input

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Chunk the noise and model_pred into two parts and compute the loss on each part separately.
                    model_pred, model_pred_prior = torch.chunk(model_pred, 2, dim=0)
                    target, target_prior = torch.chunk(target, 2, dim=0)

                    # Compute prior loss
                    prior_loss = torch.mean(
                        (weighting.float() * (model_pred_prior.float() - target_prior.float()) ** 2).reshape(
                            target_prior.shape[0], -1
                        ),
                        1,
                    )
                    prior_loss = prior_loss.mean()

                # Compute regular loss.
                loss = torch.mean(
                    (weighting.float() * (model_pred.float() - target.float()) ** 2).reshape(target.shape[0], -1),
                    1,
                )
                loss = loss.mean()

                if args.with_prior_preservation:
                    # Add the prior loss to the instance loss.
                    loss = loss + args.prior_loss_weight * prior_loss

                accelerator.backward(loss)
                if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                    if not freeze_text_encoder:
                        if args.train_text_encoder:  # text encoder tuning
                            params_to_clip = itertools.chain(transformer.parameters(), text_encoder_one.parameters())
                        elif pure_textual_inversion:
                            if args.enable_t5_ti:
                                params_to_clip = itertools.chain(
                                    text_encoder_one.parameters(), text_encoder_two.parameters()
                                )
                            else:
                                params_to_clip = itertools.chain(text_encoder_one.parameters())
                        else:
                            if args.enable_t5_ti:
                                params_to_clip = itertools.chain(
                                    transformer.parameters(),
                                    text_encoder_one.parameters(),
                                    text_encoder_two.parameters(),
                                )
                            else:
                                params_to_clip = itertools.chain(
                                    transformer.parameters(), text_encoder_one.parameters()
                                )
                    else:
                        params_to_clip = itertools.chain(transformer.parameters())
                    accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(params_to_clip, args.max_grad_norm)

                optimizer.step()
                lr_scheduler.step()
                optimizer.zero_grad()

                # every step, we reset the embeddings to the original embeddings.
                if args.train_text_encoder_ti:
                    embedding_handler.retract_embeddings()

            # Checks if the accelerator has performed an optimization step behind the scenes
            if accelerator.sync_gradients:
                progress_bar.update(1)
                global_step += 1

                if accelerator.is_main_process:
                    if global_step % args.checkpointing_steps == 0:
                        # _before_ saving state, check if this save would set us over the `checkpoints_total_limit`
                        if args.checkpoints_total_limit is not None:
                            checkpoints = os.listdir(args.output_dir)
                            checkpoints = [d for d in checkpoints if d.startswith("checkpoint")]
                            checkpoints = sorted(checkpoints, key=lambda x: int(x.split("-")[1]))

                            # before we save the new checkpoint, we need to have at _most_ `checkpoints_total_limit - 1` checkpoints
                            if len(checkpoints) >= args.checkpoints_total_limit:
                                num_to_remove = len(checkpoints) - args.checkpoints_total_limit + 1
                                removing_checkpoints = checkpoints[0:num_to_remove]

                                logger.info(
                                    f"{len(checkpoints)} checkpoints already exist, removing {len(removing_checkpoints)} checkpoints"
                                )
                                logger.info(f"removing checkpoints: {', '.join(removing_checkpoints)}")

                                for removing_checkpoint in removing_checkpoints:
                                    removing_checkpoint = os.path.join(args.output_dir, removing_checkpoint)
                                    shutil.rmtree(removing_checkpoint)

                        save_path = os.path.join(args.output_dir, f"checkpoint-{global_step}")
                        accelerator.save_state(save_path)
                        if args.train_text_encoder_ti:
                            embedding_handler.save_embeddings(
                                f"{args.output_dir}/{Path(args.output_dir).name}_emb_checkpoint_{global_step}.safetensors"
                            )
                        logger.info(f"Saved state to {save_path}")

            logs = {"loss": loss.detach().item(), "lr": lr_scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]}
            progress_bar.set_postfix(**logs)
            accelerator.log(logs, step=global_step)

            if global_step >= args.max_train_steps:
                break

        if accelerator.is_main_process:
            if args.validation_prompt is not None and epoch % args.validation_epochs == 0:
                # create pipeline
                if freeze_text_encoder:  # no text encoder one, two optimizations
                    text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two = load_text_encoders(text_encoder_cls_one, text_encoder_cls_two)
                    text_encoder_one.to(weight_dtype)
                    text_encoder_two.to(weight_dtype)
                pipeline = FluxPipeline.from_pretrained(
                    args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
                    vae=vae,
                    text_encoder=unwrap_model(text_encoder_one),
                    text_encoder_2=unwrap_model(text_encoder_two),
                    transformer=unwrap_model(transformer),
                    revision=args.revision,
                    variant=args.variant,
                    torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
                )
                pipeline_args = {"prompt": args.validation_prompt}
                images = log_validation(
                    pipeline=pipeline,
                    args=args,
                    accelerator=accelerator,
                    pipeline_args=pipeline_args,
                    epoch=epoch,
                    torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
                )
                if freeze_text_encoder:
                    del text_encoder_one, text_encoder_two
                    free_memory()

                images = None
                del pipeline

    # Save the lora layers
    accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
    if accelerator.is_main_process:
        transformer = unwrap_model(transformer)
        if args.upcast_before_saving:
            transformer.to(torch.float32)
        else:
            transformer = transformer.to(weight_dtype)
        transformer_lora_layers = get_peft_model_state_dict(transformer)

        if args.train_text_encoder:
            text_encoder_one = unwrap_model(text_encoder_one)
            text_encoder_lora_layers = get_peft_model_state_dict(text_encoder_one.to(torch.float32))
        else:
            text_encoder_lora_layers = None

        if not pure_textual_inversion:
            FluxPipeline.save_lora_weights(
                save_directory=args.output_dir,
                transformer_lora_layers=transformer_lora_layers,
                text_encoder_lora_layers=text_encoder_lora_layers,
            )

        if args.train_text_encoder_ti:
            embeddings_path = f"{args.output_dir}/{os.path.basename(args.output_dir)}_emb.safetensors"
            embedding_handler.save_embeddings(embeddings_path)

        # Final inference
        # Load previous pipeline
        pipeline = FluxPipeline.from_pretrained(
            args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
            revision=args.revision,
            variant=args.variant,
            torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
        )
        if not pure_textual_inversion:
            # load attention processors
            pipeline.load_lora_weights(args.output_dir)

        # run inference
        images = []
        if args.validation_prompt and args.num_validation_images > 0:
            pipeline_args = {"prompt": args.validation_prompt}
            images = log_validation(
                pipeline=pipeline,
                args=args,
                accelerator=accelerator,
                pipeline_args=pipeline_args,
                epoch=epoch,
                is_final_validation=True,
                torch_dtype=weight_dtype,
            )

        save_model_card(
            model_id if not args.push_to_hub else repo_id,
            images=images,
            base_model=args.pretrained_model_name_or_path,
            train_text_encoder=args.train_text_encoder,
            train_text_encoder_ti=args.train_text_encoder_ti,
            enable_t5_ti=args.enable_t5_ti,
            pure_textual_inversion=pure_textual_inversion,
            token_abstraction_dict=train_dataset.token_abstraction_dict,
            instance_prompt=args.instance_prompt,
            validation_prompt=args.validation_prompt,
            repo_folder=args.output_dir,
        )
        if args.push_to_hub:
            upload_folder(
                repo_id=repo_id,
                folder_path=args.output_dir,
                commit_message="End of training",
                ignore_patterns=["step_*", "epoch_*"],
            )

        images = None
        del pipeline

    accelerator.end_training()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    args = parse_args()
    main(args)