Fix type errors, enable type checking for mobject/geometry and add typings for the transformation functions

[godalming123]

Overview: What does this pull request change?

Mypy type checking number of errors:

• Before this PR: 82
• Before this PR, with type checking enabled for manim/geometry: 92
• After this PR: 78

Links to added or changed documentation pages

Reviewer Checklist

• The PR title is descriptive enough for the changelog, and the PR is labeled correctly
• If applicable: newly added non-private functions and classes have a docstring including a short summary and a PARAMETERS section
• If applicable: newly added functions and classes are tested

[henrikmidtiby]

This pull request contains several improvements. This can make it harder to get an overview of what is actually changed for each contribution. I have noted the following contributions.

Related to type annotations:

• Activated type checking for mobject.geometry.* in mypy.ini
• Updated type annotations in utils/space_ops.py
• Updated type annotations in utils/images.py
• Updated type annotations and cleaned up code in utils/bezier.py
• Updated type annotations in mobject/mobject.py
• Updated type annotations in graphing/scale.py
• Updated type annotations in mobject/types/vectorized_mobject.py
• Updated type annotations in geometry/polygram.py

General code cleanup:

• Code cleanup in geometry/boolean_ops.py
• Code cleanup in geometry/arc.py

Potential breaking changes:

• Replaced keyword arguments with named arguments in mobject/mobject.py in multiple locations. To me this makes it easier to read the code, but I wonder if this is a breaking change to the code?
• Replaced keyword arguments with named arguments in mobject/types/vectorized_mobject.py

All changes related to type annotations and the general code cleanup looks good to me.

Regarding the potential breaking changes I hope that one of the other maintainers will take a look at that.