Link error in test

[kimurayu45z]

Surely I described that

[dependencies]
blas = "0.20"
lapack = "0.16"
openblas-src = "0.9"

extern crate blas;
extern crate lapack;
extern crate openblas_src;

Then I could

cargo build

successfully.

However,

cargo test

always fail.

error: linking with `cc` failed: exit code: 1
  |
  = note: "cc" "-Wl,--as-needed" "-Wl,-z,noexecstack" "-m64" "-L" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.13loqdvuea4h2eo4.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.199zxjab49i955l4.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1c0p2lgclcb9ycj1.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1edad6bkh8oecdqi.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1hvae5dtbhnmg7y1.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1il5vs7acai2t2ok.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1j0nnnna49i577u2.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1krfmhvewnc1supb.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1ltvv6brgjeqm44z.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1oj1tiijf17wgc1h.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1qcvehjokotdtfwx.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1rup4xypb939dt8t.rcgu.o" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.1vm6x1ywnewstu92.rcgu.o" 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"/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/build/openblas-src-9e9cc4a2803cd6ea/out/opt/OpenBLAS/lib" "-L" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib" "-Wl,-Bstatic" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libtest-219fc620be977b79.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libterm-f5064c1d87ea3eaf.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libgetopts-6bc0764cb7f4dd96.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libunicode_width-72042f7f9ab0950a.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/librustc_std_workspace_std-7a49e61f83b63f93.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/librayon-81697127c5339eb4.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/librayon_core-4898c8c6e3a5a3fb.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libnum_cpus-e56f6a37558f5148.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libcrossbeam_deque-48eef9cc011f78b4.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libcrossbeam_epoch-2c499fe78bf37f3e.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libscopeguard-5ad4270d09bfce92.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libmemoffset-aebce936eb4eb10d.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libcrossbeam_queue-bd8df718a3333cee.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libcrossbeam_utils-8ed8d280867c6832.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/liblazy_static-807f2c476a0e6b86.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libmaybe_uninit-a414d050938f7fed.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libcfg_if-c207894dabf2ad2d.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libeither-61fbb0a110e3d219.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libopenblas_src-3b0ebb2d52958785.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libnum_complex-da53e50e22c32f68.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/liblapack-d88bec8182be41fa.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/liblapack_sys-6a4a00f97a1e6474.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libblas-ab56248cd7e75aac.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libnum_complex-a1f6c4c375fe0f21.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libnum_traits-aa0aa50b29623e44.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/libblas_sys-4be45a5c252ab4e2.rlib" "/home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/liblibc-e4dfce483ea4fe1d.rlib" "-Wl,--start-group" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libstd-205127404fcba336.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libpanic_unwind-a657948fb7763780.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libhashbrown-4af901391177f653.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/librustc_std_workspace_alloc-9bdd51edf637d1e0.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libbacktrace-df9a9630b2ea2e1e.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libbacktrace_sys-fddbfe63d5cc9339.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/librustc_demangle-dc1fcc6e43806791.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libunwind-e2f4bff19e00107e.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libcfg_if-a152d13c1d7ed405.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/liblibc-d92b841792fc008d.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/liballoc-a64c249515c023f5.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/librustc_std_workspace_core-57654524b3e40c00.rlib" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libcore-72180f1527a726a2.rlib" "-Wl,--end-group" "/home/yu/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/rustlib/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib/libcompiler_builtins-990cc8f4a91a3ab4.rlib" "-Wl,-Bdynamic" "-lgfortran" "-lopenblas" "-lutil" "-ldl" "-lutil" "-ldl" "-lrt" "-lpthread" "-lgcc_s" "-lc" "-lm" "-lrt" "-lpthread" "-lutil" "-ldl" "-lutil"
  = note: /usr/bin/ld: /home/yu/src/github.com/OpenSRDK/linear-algebra-rs/target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-4eb37d63d04e2311.2tsr44wfjjebitps.rcgu.o: in function `lapack::dgesv':
          /home/yu/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/lapack-0.16.0/src/lib.rs:8152: undefined reference to `dgesv_'
          collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
          

error: aborting due to previous error; 1 warning emitted

I would appreciate if you help me.

[termoshtt]

extern crate openblas_src as _ffi;

may works, although I do not understand why it works.

[IvanUkhov]

Do you mean removing as _ffi results in an error, and putting it back eliminates that error?

[termoshtt]

Yes, you can confirm it by

[package]
name = "link-blas"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2018"

[dependencies]
blas = "0.20"
lapack = "0.16"
openblas-src = "0.9"

extern crate openblas_src as _ffi;

use lapack::*;

fn main() {
    let n = 3;
    let mut a = vec![3.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 3.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 3.0];
    let mut w = vec![0.0; n as usize];
    let mut work = vec![0.0; 4 * n as usize];
    let lwork = 4 * n;
    let mut info = 0;
    unsafe {
        dsyev(
            b'V', b'U', n, &mut a, n, &mut w, &mut work, lwork, &mut info,
        );
    }
    assert!(info == 0);
    for (one, another) in w.iter().zip(&[2.0, 2.0, 5.0]) {
        assert!((one - another).abs() < 1e-14);
    }
}

[IvanUkhov]

Perhaps unused imports get eliminated by the compiler in the 2018 edition?

https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/extern-crates.html#underscore-imports

An external crate dependency can be declared without binding its name in scope by using an underscore with the form extern crate foo as _. This may be useful for crates that only need to be linked, but are never referenced, and will avoid being reported as unused.

[kimurayu45z]

Thank you very much.
umm...

I changed to

extern crate openblas_src as _ffi;

but the problem is continuing....

As a note, this is a lib project and the error occurs in only cargo test.

[termoshtt]

Could you please give a reproducible example? cargo test of the repository you linked works on my env (though test fails)

%cargo test
warning: field is never read: `column`
 --> src/circulant_matrix/teoplitz_matrix.rs:9:5
  |
9 |     column: Vec<U>,
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
  = note: `#[warn(dead_code)]` on by default

warning: 1 warning emitted

warning: field is never read: `column`
 --> src/circulant_matrix/teoplitz_matrix.rs:9:5
  |
9 |     column: Vec<U>,
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
  = note: `#[warn(dead_code)]` on by default

warning: 1 warning emitted

    Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.01s
     Running target/debug/deps/opensrdk_linear_algebra-308957df2a2132ee

running 6 tests
test circulant_matrix::tests::it_works ... FAILED
test macros::tests::it_works ... FAILED
test matrix::operations::inv::diagonal::tests::it_works ... ok
test matrix::operations::solve_eqs::square::real::tests::it_works ... ok
test matrix::operators::mul::tests::it_works ... ok
test matrix::operations::prod::tests::it_works ... ok

failures:

---- circulant_matrix::tests::it_works stdout ----
thread 'circulant_matrix::tests::it_works' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)`
  left: `0.0`,
 right: `-1.0`', src/circulant_matrix/mod.rs:70:9
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

---- macros::tests::it_works stdout ----
thread 'macros::tests::it_works' panicked at 'index 6 out of range for slice of length 4', src/macros/stack.rs:109:25


failures:
    circulant_matrix::tests::it_works
    macros::tests::it_works

test result: FAILED. 4 passed; 2 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out

error: test failed, to rerun pass '--lib'
zsh: exit 101   cargo test

[kimurayu45z]

Thank you for testing...

gfortran --version
GNU Fortran (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2) 9.3.0
Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

cc --version
cc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2) 9.3.0
Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

cargo --version
cargo 1.44.0 (05d080faa 2020-05-06)

rustup --version
rustup 1.21.1 (7832b2ebe 2019-12-20)

rustup toolchain list
stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (default)
nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

apt show libopenblas-base
Package: libopenblas-base
Version: 0.3.8+ds-1
Priority: optional
Section: universe/libs
Source: openblas
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Debian Science Team <debian-science-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 34.8 kB
Depends: libopenblas0
Breaks: libatlas3-base (<< 3.10.3-4~), libblas3 (<< 3.7.1-2~), liblapack3 (<< 3.7.1-2~), libopenblas-dev (<< 0.2.20+ds-3~)
Homepage: https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS
Download-Size: 4748 B
APT-Manual-Installed: yes
APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
Description: Optimized BLAS (linear algebra) library (transitional)
 OpenBLAS is an optimized BLAS library based on GotoBLAS2 1.13 BSD version.
 .
 Unlike Atlas, OpenBLAS provides a multiple architecture library.
 .
 All kernel will be included in the library and dynamically switched to the
 best architecture at run time (only on amd64, arm64, i386 and ppc64el).
 .
 For more information on how to rebuild locally OpenBLAS, see the section:
 "Building Optimized OpenBLAS Packages on your ARCH" in README.Debian
 .
 This is a transitional dummy package, which can be safely removed.

apt show libopenblas-dev
Package: libopenblas-dev
Version: 0.3.8+ds-1
Priority: optional
Section: universe/libdevel
Source: openblas
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Debian Science Team <debian-science-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 51.2 kB
Depends: libopenblas0 (= 0.3.8+ds-1), libopenblas-pthread-dev | libopenblas-openmp-dev | libopenblas-serial-dev
Breaks: libatlas-base-dev (<< 3.10.3-4~), libblas-dev (<< 3.7.1-2~), liblapack-dev (<< 3.7.1-2~)
Homepage: https://github.com/xianyi/OpenBLAS
Download-Size: 16.4 kB
APT-Manual-Installed: yes
APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 Packages
Description: Optimized BLAS (linear algebra) library (dev, meta)
 OpenBLAS is an optimized BLAS library based on GotoBLAS2 1.13 BSD version.
 .
 Unlike Atlas, OpenBLAS provides a multiple architecture library.
 .
 All kernel will be included in the library and dynamically switched to the
 best architecture at run time (only on amd64, arm64, i386 and ppc64el).
 .
 This package includes the static libraries and symbolic links
 needed for program development.

Windows 10 WSL2 Ubuntu 20.04. (Is this env making some trouble?)

I try to create some reproduce samples. Thank you very much.

[SuperFluffy]

I can confirm the error on my Linux machine. With current versions of openblas_src I am getting (just for example):

undefined reference to `LAPACKE_dgeqrf`

This is with openblas_src = {version = "0.9.0", features = ["static"]} and extern crate openblas_src; in my tests. I am also not able to run tests against ndarray-linalg --features openblas.

On the other hand, using intel-mkl actually works without an issue, i.e. lapack_src = {version = "0.6.0", features = ["intel-mkl"]}.

[SuperFluffy]

Is this error fixed now? Why was this closed?

[termoshtt]

undefined reference to LAPACKE_dgeqrf

This is caused because libopenblas.so (or .a) does not contains LAPACKE symbols as linker says. OpenBLAS does not compile LAPACKE when LAPACK is not compiled, and LAPACK is not compiled when no Fortran compiler is found. openblas-build crate is introduced in #44 to inspect libopenblas.so to check LAPACK symbols are really contained. It works well on Linux while has some problems on macOS #54 .