CI: Use matrix parameters to test multiple version of pyarrow instead of pinning

[mroeschke]

In the spirit of #29685 and aligning our dependency files for testing, parameterize the build matrix on multiple pyarrow versions (in posix.yml) instead of pinning version in different dependency files.

[mroeschke]

#45995 didn't parameterize over pyarrow versions yet but will make it easier to do so