ENH: Add dtype to read sql to be consistent with read_sql_query

doc/source/whatsnew/v2.0.0.rst

@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - Improved error message in :func:`to_datetime` for non-ISO8601 formats, informing users about the position of the first error (:issue:`50361`)
 - Improved error message when trying to align :class:`DataFrame` objects (for example, in :func:`DataFrame.compare`) to clarify that "identically labelled" refers to both index and columns (:issue:`50083`)
 - Added :meth:`DatetimeIndex.as_unit` and :meth:`TimedeltaIndex.as_unit` to convert to different resolutions; supported resolutions are "s", "ms", "us", and "ns" (:issue:`50616`)
+- Added new argument ``dtype`` to :func:`read_sql` to be consistent with :func:`read_sql_query` (:issue:`50797`)
 -
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

pandas/io/sql.py

@@ -470,6 +470,7 @@ def read_sql(
     columns: list[str] = ...,
     chunksize: None = ...,
     use_nullable_dtypes: bool = ...,
+    dtype: DtypeArg | None = None,
 ) -> DataFrame:
     ...
 
@@ -485,6 +486,7 @@ def read_sql(
     columns: list[str] = ...,
     chunksize: int = ...,
     use_nullable_dtypes: bool = ...,
+    dtype: DtypeArg | None = None,
 ) -> Iterator[DataFrame]:
     ...
 
@@ -499,6 +501,7 @@ def read_sql(
     columns: list[str] | None = None,
     chunksize: int | None = None,
     use_nullable_dtypes: bool = False,
+    dtype: DtypeArg | None = None,
 ) -> DataFrame | Iterator[DataFrame]:
     """
     Read SQL query or database table into a DataFrame.
@@ -552,7 +555,12 @@ def read_sql(
         implementation, even if no nulls are present.
 
         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    dtype : Type name or dict of columns
+        Data type for data or columns. E.g. np.float64 or
+        {‘a’: np.float64, ‘b’: np.int32, ‘c’: ‘Int64’}.
+        The argument is ignored if a table is passed instead of a query.
 
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
     Returns
     -------
     DataFrame or Iterator[DataFrame]
@@ -632,6 +640,7 @@ def read_sql(
                 parse_dates=parse_dates,
                 chunksize=chunksize,
                 use_nullable_dtypes=use_nullable_dtypes,
+                dtype=dtype,
             )
 
         try:
@@ -659,6 +668,7 @@ def read_sql(
                 parse_dates=parse_dates,
                 chunksize=chunksize,
                 use_nullable_dtypes=use_nullable_dtypes,
+                dtype=dtype,
             )
 
 

pandas/tests/io/test_sql.py

@@ -2394,6 +2394,18 @@ def test_chunksize_empty_dtypes(self):
         ):
             tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
 
+    def test_read_sql_dtype(self):
+        # GH#50797
+        table = "test"
+        df = DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": 5})
+        df.to_sql(table, self.conn, index=False, if_exists="replace")
+
+        result = pd.read_sql(
+            f"Select * from {table}", self.conn, dtype={"a": np.float64}
+        )
+        expected = DataFrame({"a": Series([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float64), "b": 5})
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
 
 class TestSQLiteAlchemy(_TestSQLAlchemy):
     """