Could not find enclosing breakable with id HirId

I tried to compile some massive project and the rust compiler unexpectedly panicked. Luckily, I have managed to replicate the error in a small, reproducible example (still panics on rust playground online, 11 lines of code):

fn main() {
    let c = |p| {
        'main: for h in p..(p + 10) {
            let j = |k| {
                break 'main;
            };
            j(p);
        }
    };
    c(1);
}

I expected a regular error without a panic, but the compiler simply halted.

Output of RUST_BACKTRACE=1 rustc ~/Desktop/rust_bug.rs -o bug.out -C debuginfo=2:

error[E0267]: `break` inside of a closure
 --> /home/liam/Desktop/rust_bug.rs:5:17
  |
5 |                 break 'main;
  |                 ^^^^^^^^^^^ cannot break inside of a closure

error: internal compiler error: src/librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs:509: could not find enclosing breakable with id HirId { owner: DefIndex(12), local_id: 34 }

thread 'rustc' panicked at 'Box<Any>', src/librustc_errors/lib.rs:644:9
stack backtrace:
   0: backtrace::backtrace::libunwind::trace
             at /cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/backtrace-0.3.29/src/backtrace/libunwind.rs:88
   1: backtrace::backtrace::trace_unsynchronized
             at /cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/backtrace-0.3.29/src/backtrace/mod.rs:66
   2: std::sys_common::backtrace::_print
             at src/libstd/sys_common/backtrace.rs:47
   3: std::sys_common::backtrace::print
             at src/libstd/sys_common/backtrace.rs:36
   4: std::panicking::default_hook::{{closure}}
             at src/libstd/panicking.rs:200
   5: std::panicking::default_hook
             at src/libstd/panicking.rs:214
   6: rustc::util::common::panic_hook
   7: std::panicking::rust_panic_with_hook
             at src/libstd/panicking.rs:481
   8: std::panicking::begin_panic
   9: rustc_errors::Handler::bug
  10: rustc::util::bug::opt_span_bug_fmt::{{closure}}
  11: rustc::ty::context::tls::with_opt::{{closure}}
  12: rustc::ty::context::tls::with_context_opt
  13: rustc::ty::context::tls::with_opt
  14: rustc::util::bug::opt_span_bug_fmt
  15: rustc::util::bug::bug_fmt
  16: rustc_typeck::check::EnclosingBreakables::find_breakable::{{closure}}
  17: rustc_typeck::check::EnclosingBreakables::find_breakable
  18: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  19: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_stmt
  20: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_block_with_expected
  21: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  22: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_return_expr
  23: rustc_typeck::check::check_fn
  24: rustc_typeck::check::closure::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_closure
  25: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  26: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_decl_initializer
  27: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_decl_local
  28: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_stmt
  29: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_block_with_expected
  30: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  31: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_meets_expectation_or_error
  32: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_stmt
  33: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_block_with_expected
  34: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  35: rustc_typeck::check::_match::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_match
  36: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  37: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  38: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_block_with_expected
  39: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  40: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_return_expr
  41: rustc_typeck::check::check_fn
  42: rustc_typeck::check::closure::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_closure
  43: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  44: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_decl_initializer
  45: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_decl_local
  46: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_stmt
  47: rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt::check_block_with_expected
  48: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_expr_with_expectation_and_needs
  49: rustc_typeck::check::expr::<impl rustc_typeck::check::FnCtxt>::check_return_expr
  50: rustc_typeck::check::check_fn
  51: rustc::ty::context::GlobalCtxt::enter_local
  52: rustc_typeck::check::typeck_tables_of
  53: rustc::ty::query::__query_compute::typeck_tables_of
  54: rustc::ty::query::<impl rustc::ty::query::config::QueryAccessors for rustc::ty::query::queries::typeck_tables_of>::compute
  55: rustc::dep_graph::graph::DepGraph::with_task_impl
  56: rustc::ty::query::plumbing::<impl rustc::ty::context::TyCtxt>::get_query
  57: rustc::ty::<impl rustc::ty::context::TyCtxt>::par_body_owners
  58: rustc_typeck::check::typeck_item_bodies
  59: rustc::ty::query::__query_compute::typeck_item_bodies
  60: rustc::dep_graph::graph::DepGraph::with_task_impl
  61: rustc::ty::query::plumbing::<impl rustc::ty::context::TyCtxt>::get_query
  62: rustc::util::common::time
  63: rustc_typeck::check_crate
  64: rustc_interface::passes::analysis
  65: rustc::ty::query::__query_compute::analysis
  66: rustc::dep_graph::graph::DepGraph::with_task_impl
  67: rustc::ty::query::plumbing::<impl rustc::ty::context::TyCtxt>::get_query
  68: rustc_interface::passes::BoxedGlobalCtxt::access::{{closure}}
  69: rustc_interface::passes::create_global_ctxt::{{closure}}
  70: rustc_interface::interface::run_compiler_in_existing_thread_pool
  71: std::thread::local::LocalKey<T>::with
  72: syntax::with_globals
note: Some details are omitted, run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=full` for a verbose backtrace.
query stack during panic:
#0 [typeck_tables_of] processing `main`
#1 [typeck_item_bodies] type-checking all item bodies
#2 [analysis] running analysis passes on this crate
end of query stack
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors

For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0267`.

note: the compiler unexpectedly panicked. this is a bug.

note: we would appreciate a bug report: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#bug-reports

note: rustc 1.38.0-nightly (04b88a9eb 2019-07-29) running on x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

note: compiler flags: -C debuginfo=2

Output of rustc --version --verbose:

rustc 1.38.0-nightly (04b88a9eb 2019-07-29)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: 04b88a9eba8abbac87eddcb2998beea09589c2c9
commit-date: 2019-07-29
host: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.38.0-nightly
LLVM version: 9.0

[Centril]

Maximal reduction:

fn main() {
    'lab: loop {
        || {
            break 'lab;
        };
    }
}

This didn't ICE in 1.37.0 (checked with godbolt).

[pnkfelix]

triage: P-medium (based on assumption that one will always see something like that error message, with its span, before the ICE). Assigning to self for now (but I welcome others who would like to work-steal it). Removing nomination label.

[pnkfelix]

assigning to @estebank as well based on @Centril insight that this ICE may be arising from diagnostics.

[estebank]

I believe I have a fix. I'll post it after lunch. Edit: faster than I thought.